五塔寺原名慈灯寺,位于呼和浩特旧城东南,五塔只是慈灯寺内的一座佛塔。曾经寺院建筑全都坍塌只剩下这座佛塔,因此才有后人得知此处有寺院,重建时便名为五塔寺。五塔寺是一座藏传佛教寺院,也是蒙古地区藏传佛教的发源地。
五塔寺的南面面对五塔寺广场,入口也在此处。五塔寺布局是典型的汉族的中轴线特色,中轴线南北走向,两边严格对称。寺内共分为三个院落,分别是最南边的三世佛殿院,中间的文化展院和最北边的慈灯寺院,其中最后一个院落又分为南北两个部分。五塔寺的面积不大,纵深仅有150米左右。
从五塔寺南门进入寺院,首先来到第一个院落,园内靠南处两边各有一座白色小塔,具有藏传佛教特色。正对面是三世佛殿,供有大日如来佛等12尊佛像。三世佛殿在建筑上既有汉族宫殿的特色,又有少数民族和藏传风范,这也是整个寺院建筑的大体风格。
穿过三世佛殿后来到中间的院子,对面的建筑上清晰大字写有“呼市召庙文化展”。召庙文化是指内蒙古的佛教寺院特有的一种佛寺壁画文化。在召庙文化展建筑内部,左侧的墙上挂有历史上宗喀巴、阿拉坦汗等人像,右侧列有我国现存金刚座舍利宝塔召庙图,体现了呼和浩特召庙文化的渊源流长。
最后来到最北边的院子,院子中央是慈灯寺的大殿,大殿背后便是著名的舍利宝塔。这座舍利塔始建于清雍正年间,高约16米,塔身均以琉璃砖砌成,塔身下层是用三种文字刻写的金刚经经文,上层则为数以千计的鎏金小佛,刻工精巧,玲珑秀丽。参观五塔寺时不光可以在外面观看,还可以上到塔座顶上,俯视全寺,视野不错。
在舍利塔背后的北墙处有一座蒙文天文图石刻,天文图直径144.5厘米,天球圆面以北天极为圆心,画出二十八宿赤经位置的经线,还有五个同心圆,由里向外为天北极圈、夏至圈、天赤道圈、冬至圈、天南极圈。这是迄今为止世界上唯一用蒙古文标注的一幅天文图,具有很高的科研价值。
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